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I agree that the first example in #1 isn't fraud, though it could be illegal for other reasons.

'Fraud' is a legal term as defined in the laws of a particular country or state, in a fairly formal register. You can be arrested for fraud or convicted of fraud. It can be either a noncount or count noun: the general concept of deception for gain or a particular instance or type of it. The related verb is 'to defraud (so. of sth.)'; the adjective is 'fraudulent.' More casually, you can say that a person is a fraud, that is, a fake.

A scam is a slang term, typically used in conversation but not in law. It may refer to the same thing, just in a different context or register. It usually means a particular trick, e.g., the Chinese college scam, the Nigerian loan scam, the lost-grandchild scam. 'To scam (so. out of sth.)' is also a verb, also colloquial. A person can be a scammer or a scam artist, similar to a con man or a con artist.

I don't know that they would technically be fraud if there's not an element of deception. Where are they pretending to be something they're not, pretending to sell something that isn't true? In legal terms that might be something else, like maybe theft or vandalism, or some other legal term.

But I would indeed call ransomware a scam, a trick to get money.

I respectfully disagree with #1. Both of those instances constitute fraud, IMO--at least in (colloquial) practice. In legal practice, the word "scam" would be too imprecise compared to the defined meaning(s) of "fraud."