https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine

Siehe auch: dispensed jobs and assorted welfare benefits
Siehe auch: old-style machine politics

Pons-Collins:
machine - ...
the party machine - (Pol) der Parteiapparat
the political machine - die politischen Drahtzieher

LEO:
party apparatus [pol.] - der Parteiapparat
party machinery [pol.] - der Parteiapparat

Siehe auch: apparatchik - der Apparatschik

Parteisoldaten
geklonte Parteiapparatschiks
Parteifunktionäre, die nie einen Job ausserhalb des Politikgeschehens bekleidet haben
Siehe auch: generation cloned from thinktanks and party work

Above are some related terms. I might be inclined to vote for Parteisoldaten or -funktionäre, but I don't know all the German nuances. I would say a machine politician is more corrupt than just a party loyalist, but less communist/totalitarian than an apparatchik.

Political machines were common in the 20th century in large US cities effectively ruled by a single political party (usually the Democrats) for decades. The party wasn't communist, much less totalitarian, but the level of bribery and corruption was high because the single party was so dominant. The system included various regional, local, and neighborhood levels where organizers and voters were beholden to party bosses, either explicitly (e.g., rewarded with government jobs) or implicitly.

Cory Booker is from New Jersey, where machine-style politics has lasted into fairly recent history. The state is no longer dominated by a single party, but scandals and accusations of corruption have touched politicians of both parties.